Yintoni i-DCAD?

I-DCAD (Dietary Cation-Anion Difference) yi-index ebala umahluko we-net charge phakathi kwe-cations ezinkulu zokutya kunye nee-anions, ezichazwa kwi-milliequivalents ngekhilogram ye-dry matter (mEq/kg DM). Endaweni yokulinganisa i-nutrient enye, i-DCAD ibonisa isiphumo se-net yokutya kwi-acid-base balance yesilwanyana emva kokugaya kunye nokufunxa, okwenza kube sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya nokulawula isondlo se-ruminant.

Iifomula ezimbini zihlala zisetyenziswa ukubala i-DCAD:

Yenziwe lula (eyona ixhaphakileyo): DCAD = (Na⁺ + K⁺) − (Cl⁻ + S²⁻)

Yandisiwe (kuquka i-Ca, i-Mg, i-P): I-DCAD = (Na⁺ + K⁺ + Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) − (Cl⁻ + S²⁻ + P)

Enyanisweni, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-chloride, kunye ne-sulfur zilawula, ngoko ke le fomula ilula kakhulu isetyenziswa kakhulu. I-ion nganye iguqulwa kuqala ibe yi-milliequivalents (mEq) ngaphambi kokuba ithathelwe indawo. Iziphumo zitolikwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ixabiso elihle: ukutya kugcwele i-cation (i-alkaline), ifanelekile kwiinkomo ezincancisayo okanye ezixinezelekileyo kubushushu;

Ixabiso elingalunganga: Ukutya kugcwele i-anion (i-asidi), kufanelekile kwiinkomo ezomileyo ezikufutshane ukunceda ukuthintela i-hypocalcemia emva kokubeleka.

Kutheni i-DCAD ibalulekile?

I-DCAD yenye yezona zinto zinamandla kakhulu ekulawuleni izondlo zezilwanyana ezitya inyama, inefuthe kwiinkalo ezininzi zokusebenza kwezilwanyana kunye nempilo yazo:

Ibhalansi yesiseko se-asidi:imisela i-pH yegazi kunye nolwelo lomzimba, isekela zonke iziphumo zomzimba ezisezantsi;
Ukutya okomileyo (i-DMI):i-DCAD efanelekileyo ikhuthaza ukutya okutyiwayo kwaye ihlangabezana neemfuno zamandla zeenkomo ezivelisa kakhulu;
Ukubiliswa kweRuminal:ilawula uzinzo lwe-pH yesisu kunye nokugaywa kwefayibha, nto leyo echaphazela ukuveliswa kwe-acetate (into eyandulela amafutha obisi);
Umetabolism yecalcium:ilawula ukuhlanganiswa kwe-calcium emathanjeni ngokulawula i-acid-base, enxulumene kakhulu ne-postpartum hypocalcemia (umkhuhlane wobisi);
Ukuzala kunye nempilo:Ulawulo olupheleleyo lwe-acid-base emva kokubeletha lunciphisa ukwenzeka kweengxaki ze-metabolic kwaye luxhasa ukusebenza kokuzala okulandelayo.

Ingqiqo ephambili: Iimfuno ze-DCAD zichasene ngokupheleleyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-physiological — iingcali zesondlo kufuneka zilungelelanise ukutya ngokufanelekileyo.

Itheyibhile 1. Iimfuno kunye nemisebenzi ye-DCAD ngokweSigaba

Iqonga	Ithagethi ye-DCAD	Imisebenzi Ephambili
Uxinzelelo lokuncancisa/Ubushushu	+250 ~ +450 mEq/kg DM	I-buffer rumen, izinzisa i-pH; yonyusa i-DMI kunye nokugaywa kwefayibha; yonyusa imveliso ye-acetate, umxholo wamafutha obisi, kunye nemveliso yobisi
Ixesha lokuphumla/lokomisa elikufutshane	Iphantsi okanye imbi (−50 ~ +100)	Yenza i-acidosis ethambileyo ye-metabolic; khuthaza ukuhamba kwe-calcium emathanjeni; thintela i-hypocalcemia emva kokuzalwa (umkhuhlane wobisi); phucula ukutya emva kokuzala kunye nokuqala kokuncancisa

Umthetho oyintloko: PHEZULU kwiinkomo ezincancisayo, PHANTSI kwiinkomo ezikufutshane.

Iindlela zokuLawulwa kweDCAD

Ukulawula i-DCAD kuxhomekeke ekulungiseni ubuninzi bee-cation kunye nee-anion ekutyeni: ukongeza izithako ezityebileyo kwi-cation kunyusa ixabiso; ukongeza izithako ezityebileyo kwi-anion kuyayinciphisa. Le migaqo ilandelayo kufuneka ikhokele ukwenziwa:

Beka phambili ubumsulwa bezithako:imithombo yobunyulu obuphezulu inciphisa iminikelo ye-ionic engalawulekiyo evela kukungcola;
Gcina i-Cl kunye ne-S ziphantsi xa unyusa i-DCAD:iityuwa ze-potassium kunye ne-sodium ezisetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa i-DCAD kufuneka zithwale i-chloride okanye i-sulfate encinci, ebeya kutsala ixabiso libuyele ezantsi;
Hlonipha imida yesalfure iyonke yokutya:Iityuwa zesulfate ezisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-DCAD kufuneka zilinganiswe ngokumalunga nokutya okupheleleyo kwe-S — i-sulfur egqithisileyo ithintela ukutya okutyiwayo kwaye iphazamisa ukufunxwa kobhedu;
Hlanganisa nemithombo ye-calcium eqhelekileyo:Iityuwa ze-anionic zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye ne-limestone okanye i-dicalcium phosphate endaweni yokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo.

Itheyibhile 2. Imiyalelo emibini yoLawulo lwe-DCAD

Isikhokelo	Izithako Zongeziwe	Indlela yokusebenza
Phakamisa i-DCAD	Iityuwa ze-K kunye ne-Na (ii-carbonates, ii-bicarbonates)	I-Buffer rumen acid; gcwalisa ii-electrolytes; uzinzise i-rumen pH; yonyusa imveliso ye-acetate; yonyusa i-pH yegazi
I-DCAD esezantsi	Iityuwa ze-anionic (ii-sulfate, ii-chloride)	Yenza ukutya kube ne-asidi; khuthaza i-metabolic acidosis encinci; vuselela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-calcium emathanjeni; yakha i-calcium egciniweyo ngaphambi kokuba izale

Iimveliso zethu zoLawulo lweDCAD

Sinikezela ngezithako ezine zeminerali ezicocekileyo kakhulu ezigubungela zombini iindlela zolawulo lwe-DCAD:

Itheyibhile 3. Isishwankathelo seMveliso yeDCAD

Imveliso	Ifomula	Isikhokelo	Umsebenzi ongundoqo
I-Potassium Carbonate	I-K₂CO₃	Phakamisa	Umthombo we-K ococekileyo kakhulu; i-buffers rumen; inyusa i-acetate kunye namafutha obisi; isithako esiphambili sokulwa noxinzelelo lobushushu
I-Sodium Bicarbonate (i-baking soda)	I-NaHCO₃	Phakamisa	I-rumen buffer yakudala kunye nomthombo weNa; izinzisa i-rumen pH; ikhusela ukugaywa kwefayibha
I-Calcium Sulfate esekwe kwi-bio	I-CaSO₄	Ezantsi	Ityuwa ye-anionic esebenzayo yeCa + S; ukutya okukufutshane okune-DCAD ephantsi; kuthintela umkhuhlane wobisi
I-Magnesium Sulfate	I-MgSO₄	Ezantsi	Ityuwa ye-anionic + umthombo we-Mg; yehlisa i-DCAD ngelixa iphinda izalise i-Mg; ithintela i-hypomagnesemia

I-Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃)

Ubumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu (≥99%), obunomlinganiselo omncinci we-chloride kunye ne-sulfate — abuvezi ii-anions ezichasene nemveliso ezinokuthi zithintele i-DCAD;
Njengomthombo we-cation onamandla, inyusa kakhulu i-DCAD ngelixa igcina i-rumen icocekile, iphucula ukugaywa kwefayibha, kwaye inyusa imveliso ye-acetate, inyusa ngokungathanga ngqo ipesenti yamafutha obisi kunye nemveliso yamafutha obisi;
Isithako esiphambili kwiinkqubo zesondlo zoxinzelelo lobushushu ehlotyeni; ngokuqhelekileyo zidityaniswe ne-sodium bicarbonate kunye ne-magnesium oxide ukwenza inkqubo ye-rumen buffer epheleleyo;
Ukufakwa okucetyiswayo: 100–250 g/intloko/ngosuku kwiinkomo ezivelisa kakhulu; ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300 g/intloko/ngosuku phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lobushushu. Iinjongo: ukutya i-K 1.5–1.8% DM; i-DCAD +300 ukuya kwi-+450 mEq/kg DM.

I-Sodium Bicarbonate / I-Baking Soda (NaHCO₃)

I-rumen buffer kunye nomthombo wesodium osele uzinzile othintela ngokukhawuleza i-rumen acid, ukhusela ukugaywa kwefayibha kwaye unciphise umngcipheko we-subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA);
Inegalelo kwi-cation pool, ixhasa ukuphakama kwe-DCAD kunye nokulinganisela kwe-electrolyte iyonke;
Ilungele ukutya okune-concentrate eninzi, ukuncancisa okuphezulu, kunye namaxesha oxinzelelo lobushushu; idla ngokudityaniswa ne-potassium carbonate ukuze incedise ekuqiniseni ukutya.

I-Calcium Sulfate esekwe kwiBio (CaSO₄)

Ivela kwimithombo yebhayoloji; inika ukunyibilika okuzinzileyo, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, kunye namanqanaba aphantsi okungcola - ityuwa ye-anionic enemisebenzi emibini enika zombini i-calcium ne-sulfur;
Yenzelwe ukutya okukufutshane okune-DCAD ephantsi: i-asidi yokutya ivuselela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-calcium, ivumela iinkomo ukuba zakhe amandla okulawula i-calcium aqinileyo ngaphambi kokuba zizale kwaye zithintele ngempumelelo i-hypocalcemia emva kokuzalwa (umkhuhlane wobisi);
Kwangaxeshanye inika isalfure kwi-rumen microbial protein synthesis kunye ne-fiber fermentation; ikwaboniswa ukuba iphucula umgangatho we-eggshell xa isetyenziswa kwi-inkuku.

I-Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO₄)

Idibanisa ityuwa ye-anionic kunye nomthombo we-magnesium kwisithako esinye — yehlisa i-DCAD ngelixa inika i-magnesium efanelekileyo ekutyeni;
I-magnesium ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemithambo-luvo kwaye isebenza njenge-cofactor kwiinkqubo ezininzi zee-enzyme; ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokuthintela umkhuhlane wobisi emva kokubeletha kunye nokuthintela i-hypomagnesemia (i-grass tetany);
I-sulfur iyonke yokutya — kuquka igalelo elivela kuyo yonke imithombo ye-sulfate — kufuneka ijongwe kwaye ngokubanzi igcinwe kwi-0.4% DM okanye ngaphantsi kwayo ukuze kuthintelwe ukutyiwa kakhulu, okunokuphazamisa ukufunxwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-copper.

FAQ

Umbuzo 1: Yintoni kanye kanye i-DCAD? Ngaba ungayichaza ngokucacileyo?

Ewe. Linani nje elikuxelela ukuba ukutya kwakho kune-cations ezingaphezulu (i-sodium, i-potassium) okanye ii-anions (i-chlorine, i-sulfur). Elo nani lichaphazela i-pH yegazi lenkomo. Kwaye xa i-pH yegazi iphela, ubona iingxaki zokutya, ukugaya, ukuvelisa ubisi, nokuba inkomo inokuma emva kokuzala. Ngoko ke yinto enkulu.

Umbuzo 2: Ngaba iinkomo ezomileyo kunye neenkomo ezincancisayo zifuna amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-DCAD?

Yahluke ngokupheleleyo.

Kwiinkomo ezisengayo (ingakumbi xa kushushu ehlotyeni), ufuna i-DCAD ephezulu – malunga ne-+250 ukuya kwi-+450 mEq/kg DM. Oko kugcina i-rumen pH izinzile, kuzinceda zitye ngakumbi, zigaye ifayibha ngcono, kwaye zonyusa amafutha obisi.

Kwiinkomo ezomileyo ezikufutshane (kwiiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuzala), ufuna i-DCAD ephantsi, nokuba negative. Oko kudala i-acidosis encinci enyanzela inkomo ukuba ikhuphe i-calcium emathanjeni ayo kwangethuba, ukuze ingaguli yi-milk fever emva kokuzala.

Ingongoma ephambili: iphezulu xa incancisa, iphantsi xa yomile – musa ukuyixuba.

Umbuzo 3: Zeziphi iimveliso zeDCAD ezinikezelwa yiSUSTAR?

Sinezithako ezine zeminerali ezicocekileyo kakhulu, ezigubungela amacala omabini:

Ukuphakamisa i-DCAD:

I-Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) kunye ne-sodium bicarbonate (i-baking soda). I-potassium carbonate yethu icocekile kakhulu kwaye ayinayo i-chloride okanye i-sulphate, ngoko ke ayizukuyicima loo mpembelelo.

Ukunciphisa i-DCAD:

I-Calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) kunye ne-magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄). Ezi ziityuwa ze-anionic ezenza ukutya kube ne-asidi kwaye zibangele ukuhlanganiswa kwe-calcium. I-calcium sulphate ikwabonelela nge-calcium kunye ne-sulphur, kwaye i-magnesium sulphate inika i-magnesium eyongezelelweyo ukuthintela i-grass tetany.

Zonke ezine ziimveliso eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ziinkampani ezininzi eziphambili zokutya.

Umbuzo 4: Ndifanele ndiyondle i-potassium carbonate engakanani, kwaye yintoni ekujoliswe kuyo?

Kwabavelisi abaphezulu, yondla i-100–250 g/intloko/ngosuku, kwaye ifikelele kwi-300 g phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lobushushu. Jonga i-potassium yokutya kwi-1.5–1.8% yezinto ezomileyo kunye ne-DCAD malunga ne-+300 ukuya kwi-+450. I-potassium carbonate yethu icocekile kakhulu, ngoko ke ufumana amandla ngaphandle kwe-chloride engafunekiyo okanye i-sulphate erhuqa ixabiso libuyele ezantsi – yiloo nto ibalulekileyo.

Umbuzo 5: Ngaba kukho naziphi na iindlela zokulumkela xa usebenzisa ii-sulfates ukunciphisa i-DCAD?

Ewe – gcina i-sulphur iyonke yokutya (evela kuzo zonke iindawo ze-sulphate) kwi-0.4% okanye ngaphantsi kwezinto ezomileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkomo zitya kancinci kwaye ukufunxwa kobhedu kuyehla. I-calcium sulphate yethu esekwe kwi-bio iyanyibilika kancinci kwaye ayinangcoliseko ininzi, ngoko ke kulula ukuyilawula.

Umbuzo 6: Ngaba unika iingcebiso malunga nokulungiselela, okanye uthengisa nje izinto eziluhlaza?

Senza zombini ezi zinto. Sisebenzisana neengcali zezondlo zaseyunivesithi kwaye sinokunceda ngokudibanisa iingcebiso, amazinga okongeza, kunye nokuphepha ukungavisisani kwezimbiwa.

Sisebenzisane neCP Group, Cargill, DSM, ADM, Nutreco, New Hope, Haid, Tongwei, kunye nezinye iinkampani ezininzi eziphambili ze-feed ezili-100 kangangeminyaka emininzi - ngoko ke inkxaso yobugcisa yinxalenye yephakheji.